Thanks to the computer, we are today flirting with certain ideas that would have been anathema to an earlier scientific and technological mindset:
It turns out, as we will see, that these ideas represent a strengthening of the familiar habit of abstraction upon which science has long been based. Or, at least, that is what the common statement of the ideas makes of them. But another way to think about these things has been on offer since well before the computer came along.
Of course, Barfield had one advantage over us: since computers did not exist when he began his work, he was not driven by any illusion that they represented some bright, new paradigm, with the aid of which we would finally lift ourselves from the supposed muck of our earthly origins. He saw clearly enough that the computational model -- whether of mind or world -- was rather the final, lifeless crystallization of a paradigm that was already taking form within the murky penumbra of the Scientific Revolution's first, promising light.
When, in the 1920s, he began his research, he did so not by looking forward to the computer, but rather by taking in the distant human past. The truths he discerned were gleaned from the ancients, yet he recognized in these truths a double significance, for they must come alive again in a new way if our future is to be preserved.
And what are these ancient truths upon which the future hangs? Here, in brief, I will restate the four, closely meshed assertions given above as I imagine they might emerge from an encounter with Barfield's pen:
I say only "not likely," for it is no longer the near impossibility of a few years back. The taboos do show signs of weakening, even as the materialistic paradigm continues its stunning transformation toward apparent immateriality. The younger generation today is not so inclined to distinguish artificially between the visible and the invisible, the material and the immaterial, as we once were.
If you doubt the change, just ask those stolid guardians of scientific tradition who despair over so much in our well-educated society today: the many flourishing "disciplines" beyond the pale, such as astrology, psychic counseling, and channeling; the rediscovery and celebration of indigenous spirituality; and the remarkable spread of the most diverse forms of "New Age" science and religion.
The various sillinesses to be found among these cultural phenomena are hardly the main point -- any more than the forgotten sillinesses of the Renaissance were its main point. The significance in both cases lies rather at a deeper level where the fundamental capacities and yearnings of human consciousness take shape. As to the travesties, should we not lay them at the door of those same stolid guardians, who have for so long arrogated to themselves all "legitimate" scientific energies, denying even the lackluster crumbs to their spiritually hungry brethren?
However, I have also just now suggested that certain of our distinctive thoughts about computers can be read in either of two dramatically divergent ways. That is, computers have led us onto the knife edge, and as our current vertigo already indicates, we cannot long avoid committing ourselves to one side or the other. We will either choose for ourselves, or else receive an unceremonious shove from the gathering technological nisus.
Moreover, the nature of our shield against forgotten truths is not hard to recognize. It is woven of abstractions. We have seen such a pattern already in classical science: using a mathematical sieve, a "material" residue was sifted from the spiritually rich world. But this residue turned out to have no substance, no weight, of the sort we once imagined. In fact, it finally reduced to the abstract mesh of the sieve itself -- which is hardly surprising. As William Temple once remarked, "if you attend to things only so far as they are measurable, you will end with only measurements before your attention." And so today the physicist plays in a realm of number, equation, and probability, disavowing all attempts to assign meaning to his constructs.
What happens if we bring the physicist's proclivities to the sciences of man? The same abstraction that sifted matter from spirit now distills quantitative information from qualitative meaning with technocratic efficiency; and then it proceeds to articulate the logical structures of a computational "mind." Freed from the necessity of "instantiation" in any particular material, these informational and logical structures gain a kind of notional immortality, a release from the encumbering weight of gross matter.
But here is the enticing danger. Today many people are inclined to welcome any possible "escape" from the dead weight of several centuries' materialistic debris. With good justification. And yet, the deliverance they are now being offered is in reality the quintessential product -- the ultimate extension -- of that same materialistic undertaking that has till now so effectively constrained their spirits.
It is, after all, now evident enough that the essence of scientific materialism never did lay in a defense of what we still like to think of as "solid matter" over against whatever sort of immateriality we cared to imagine. For materialism is finally located in those habits of abstraction that gave us dark, featureless matter in the first place; and if this originally comforting matter of science has been found to dissolve more and more into abstract fields and statistical distributions, a strikingly similar dissolution has reduced the living spirits of old to the vague, informational-spiritual stuff of the high-tech mystic. Whoever we are, we define ourselves today by our abstractions.
The real divide, then, occurs not between materiality and immateriality, but rather between abstraction and meaning -- between, on the one hand, the abstraction that gave us "physical" and "mental" stuff in Cartesian opposition, and, on the other hand, the meaning through which we can rediscover the spirit-saturated world, and ourselves in it.
Eventually, one may expect, the abstracted mind will implode from its own weightlessness. For we must finally ask: abstraction from what? If there is no what -- no "familiar world" worth knowing, possessed of substantial reality in its own right -- how shall we abstract from it?
Imagination is already employed in the scientific method. But what we need now, according to Barfield, is the use of imagination, not only in devising hypotheses, but "in the very act of observation." This would lead us beyond some vague sense of meaning in nature as a whole. It would enable us to read the "book" of nature in such a way that "the meaning of the whole is articulated from the meaning of each part -- chapters from sentences and sentences from words -- and stands before us in clear, sharp outlines" (p. 20).
Such a method may be hard for us to conceive, but Barfield points out that Coleridge and the Romantics took some first, tentative steps in this direction. Moreover, Goethe actually exercised the method in making some profound discoveries -- although they have largely been overlooked in the accelerating rush of science toward manipulative effectiveness. Goethe, as Barfield puts it, perceived that "nature has an `inside' which cannot be weighed and measured -- or even (without training) observed -- namely, the creative thoughts which underlie phenomenal manifestation" (p. 20).
Goethe's scientific work included a study of light and color, which, until recently, drew less attention from scientists than from artists; investigations of the human skeleton; and the discovery of the principle of metamorphosis of plants, by which a single "form" repeatedly expresses itself through a series of expanding and contracting transformations in leaf, calyx, petal, reproductive organs, fruit, and, finally, in the extremely contracted seed. Barfield characterizes Goethe's achievement this way:
By ordinary inductive science the unifying idea, or law, behind groups of related phenomena is treated as a generalization from particulars: it is an abstract notion ... and it must be expressible in terms of measurable quantities. For Goethean science, on the other hand, this unifying idea is an objective reality, accessible to direct observation. In addition to measuring quantities, the scientist must train himself to perceive qualities. This he can do -- as Goethe did when he saw the various parts of the plant as "metamorphoses" of the leaf -- only by so sinking himself in contemplation of the outward form that his imagination penetrates to the activity which is producing it. (p. 21)
Information or meaning; abstraction or imagination? We choose between reducing nature's fullness to the abstract generalizations of mathematical law, or penetrating to the inner activity that produces the phenomenon. That activity can no more be expressed as information than your and my meaningful activity.
Goethe's recognition of the principle of metamorphosis could hardly have arisen from any sort of generalization following upon the logical analysis of already defined structures. He had to wrestle through to a qualitative seeing that required years of disciplined observation before he could discern the crucial forms. He held that anyone who perceived these creative forms could, in thought, derive every possible plant, including those that did not yet exist. /2/
I referred above -- perhaps much too breezily -- to the gene as "a metaphor, a focused yet veiled image within which we may hope to read a few of the wordlike gestures raying in from the surrounding spiritual matrix." There is no denying that these words are more easily spoken than entered into. But it is Barfield's message that we must at least become aware of the two contrary directions our investigations may take. With respect to the gene, we may, on the one hand, elect to analyze the outer body of the metaphor, bringing to bear upon it our admirably detached, but perceptually emptied, quantitative observation -- and so we may gain our desired powers of manipulation. But this brute manipulation will stand unrelated to the meaning of the metaphor, for that must be read, not measured or calculated.
If, on the other hand, we could begin to see the developing human being rather as Goethe saw the plant -- and I, for one, do not wish to minimize the challenge in this -- perhaps we would find ourselves able to move beyond the seemingly insoluble ethical quandaries posed by genetic manipulation in particular and biotechnology in general. What we would then confront is the concrete reality of personhood and destiny, not the abstract, informational "programming" of a few strands of DNA. Only then would we know, from the inside, the proper laws constraining every human transformation.
On the other side, we are now abandoning the world by constructing artificial alternatives to ordinary experience, christening them "virtual." If normal experience is only subjective anyway, there is no reason not to create worlds of sensation more to our liking. One can even imagine that, just so far as we learn to control these sensations, we will begin to view the virtual environment as more objectively real than any other world, for we have long considered our experience valid just so far as it expresses our powers of control.
In any case, the phenomenal world is clearly being neglected -- if not positively undermined -- from two sides. This raises the question implied in the title of Barfield's book, Saving the Appearances. /3/ Transferring this question to our present context: in addition to the effective control we gain by constructing a notional world of particles, and in addition to our capacity for arbitrary expression through the technology of virtual reality, do we still need to take deep, creative hold of the "middle world" -- the familiar world -- the world that nursed our ancestors and stirred them to unprecedented artistic achievements, the world from which we abstract the particles, and the world we merely imitate with our virtual realities? Can we consciously take hold of this familiar world from the inside, working with it artistically as stewards of the future?
Barfield begins, quite simply, with what is nearly undisputed:
On almost any received theory of perception the familiar world -- that is, the world which is apprehended, not through instruments and inference, but simply -- is for the most part dependent upon the percipient. (p. 21)
If the hard sciences have retreated into quantitative analysis, it is precisely because the phenomenal world -- the qualitative world handed to us by direct awareness -- is felt to be "contaminated" by the consciousness of the subject. The world of cold and hot things, green and blue things, loud and quiet things; the world of familiar faces, strange places, clouds, sky, and seas; the world about which each of us thinks whenever we are not critically applying our physics lessons -- that world cannot (we are told) be described rigorously. We are advised not even to try; our first lessons in science teach us to seek quantities in the phenomena.
We have already heard one of Barfield's responses: the phenomenal world can be described rigorously -- it can be read as a meaningful text -- although (as the example from Goethe indicates) it indeed takes a great deal of trying. But the main thrust of Saving the Appearances derives from a very simple proposition: if we really believe what the physical sciences have told us about the dependence of the given world upon the one who perceives, then we ought to hold onto the belief consistently -- something that is almost never done. That thought leads to a number of others:
It is an endangered world for which Barfield would have us take responsibility. Moreover, for good or ill, consciously or unconsciously, we cannot help exercising that responsibility. For example, our penchant for virtual realities is itself contributing to what the world becomes. It is entirely conceivable that, in the end, we will lose all distinction between the real and the virtual; it requires only that we attend ever more exclusively to our new, virtual realities -- to the informational abstractions of cyberspace -- while ignoring the phenomenal world. We will by that means finally succeed in rendering the inside of the world abstract. The inner life with which we animate the world will be the "life" of a program.
There is, after all, no final distinction between the virtual and the real. That is why the term "virtual reality" proves so slippery, seeming to apply alternately to everything and nothing. Every representational work of art is a virtual reality. (But, then, to one degree or another we work artistically upon everything in our earthly environment.) Every stick-and-ball "model" of atoms and molecules is a virtual reality -- in this case an embodied abstraction bearing almost no phenomenal truth, but giving expression to certain theoretical constructs. Every photograph and television image is a virtual reality -- a two-dimensional abstraction from the familiar world, reinvested with a set of dimmed-down meanings suitable for such an abstraction. /5/
We are surrounded, in fact, with exteriors into which we have breathed our own peculiar interiors. That, in their highly restricted way, is what virtual realities are. But that, Barfield urges us to remember, is in a much fuller sense also what the world is. The supposedly clear-cut line between human creations and nature simply cannot be found. It is not there. Yet we may lose sight of this fact. As participative experiences, virtual realities seem so distinctive in part because we have lost our awareness of our participation in the world. Perhaps also they awaken in us memories of an earlier relation to nature.
We can, then, choose either of two directions. If virtual realities remind us of a forgotten, more participative immersion in the world, it is possible that they will stimulate us to a renewed, more conscious participation. They may even provide us with a starting point, since (initially, at least) the difference between the virtual and the real catches our attention. If we contemplate that difference, moving in thought from the virtual to the real, we will actually discover more of ourselves "out there," not less. For through disciplined, scientific imagination we will, like Goethe, find in the world an inner meaning (our meaning), a fullness of being, that no abstractions -- no programming languages and bit-manipulated graphics -- can mediate.
The alternative -- and surely it is a potential we all must sense within ourselves -- is that we will be content to convert the world from real to virtual -- continuing in the direction of the past few hundred years. Then, too, the difference between virtual and real will eventually vanish, not because we have penetrated the world more deeply and creatively, extending our responsible reach from artifact to nature, but rather because we will have finally abandoned the world to artifice.
1. "The Rediscovery of Meaning," p. 19. This popular article was reprinted in Barfield, 1977b. The remaining quotations in this section are from the same source.
2. There are signs in some quarters that this "Goethean science" is beginning to be taken more seriously in our day. See, for example, Zajonc, 1993; Schwenk, 1965; Adams and Whicher, 1980; Edelglass et al., 1992.
3. The following quotations are from this book.
4. Barfield initially describes a representation as "something I perceive to be there" (p. 19).
5. See chapter 21, "Mona Lisa's Smile," and chapter 22, "Seeing in Perspective."